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− | + | '''Introduction: Rules and Guidelines''' | |
− | This website provides references for the infamous | + | This website provides references for the infamous "180 Questions" for the MIT Astrophysics Part III exam. Its purpose is to facilitate the studying process, and hopefully (at least somewhat) decrease the stress associated with the Part III exam. |
This page is very much a work in progress- anybody who finds a good reference for any of these questions should feel free to add it to the list. There is no limit to the number of references that may be added for any given question, but please obey the following guidelines when submitting references: | This page is very much a work in progress- anybody who finds a good reference for any of these questions should feel free to add it to the list. There is no limit to the number of references that may be added for any given question, but please obey the following guidelines when submitting references: | ||
− | + | 1) Add your reference to the reference list at the beginning of this document and assign it a short and unique reference code by which it will be referred to within the main body of the document. Please do this even if you think that the referenced book or source will only be used by one question. Please try to cite these sources as well as possible. (A little MLA Citation Style wouldn't kill you). | |
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− | + | 2) Include the edition number as part of the reference name. (ie, CO1 and CO2 refer to Carroll and Ostlie's An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics, editions 1 and 2, respectively.) Different editions can have surprisingly different layouts and information. | |
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− | + | 3) Localize the key passages as well as possible. For example, if the question deals with planet formation, cite "CO2, pgs. 857-869" or "CO2, Section 23.2". Simply stating "CO2" is really not very helpful. | |
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− | + | 4) For each of the 180 questions, try to list the references in order of decreasing importance, so that the first references are the best. We don't want the gems buried under an avalanche of pebbles and stones. | |
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+ | 5) This isn't so much a rule, but feel free to divide the questions into multiple parts. Some of these 180 questions have multiple parts to them, and the best references may be different for the different parts. (This is especially important for the lore questions.) | ||
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+ | 6) When possible, cite references that are easily accessible to all people at all times, present AND future. For example, while a private communication with person A might have provided the best information on Question X, person A will most likely graduate within a year or two. So please don't reference these private communications. Class notes are a little different, since they could theoretically be passed down from one class to the next IF AN ELECTRONIC VERSION EXISTS, but please try to avoid this as well. As a rule of thumb, let's allow class notes that have electronic versions which will probably be available for quite some time and ban class notes that are either taken by hand or refer to electronic notes that are not likely to be accessible in the near future. | ||
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+ | 7) Incorrect references should also be cited. For example, the section entitled "The Chandrasekhar Limit for Neutron Stars" on page 583 of CO2 is incorrect, and has caused problems for previous test takers that have used it as a reference. Therefore, question 60 has the note: INCORRECT: CO2, pg. 583, "The Chandrasekhar Limit for Neutron Stars." | ||
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+ | 8) In order to help separate the different references for each question, enclose each reference in curly brackets {}. | ||
That basically covers it. The more that people contribute to this list, the more useful that it becomes, so please add as much information as possible. | That basically covers it. The more that people contribute to this list, the more useful that it becomes, so please add as much information as possible. | ||
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− | == | + | '''Reference List (alphabetical by reference code name):''' |
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+ | ADS09 The Smithsonian/NASA Astrophysics Data System. 2009. (available online at:<http://adsabs.harvard.edu/>.) | ||
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+ | B1 Bradt, Hale. "Astrophysics Processes: The Physics of Astronomical Phenomena." United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2008. | ||
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+ | BG1 Burke, B. and F. Graham-Smith. "An Introduction to Radio Astronomy." United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 1997. | ||
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+ | BT3 Binney, James and Scott Tremaine. "Galactic Dynamics." Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994. | ||
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+ | BV Kirshner, Robert P., Augustus Oemler Jr., Paul L. Schechter, and Stephen A. Shectman, "A survey of the Bootes void." Astrophysical Journal, Part 1, vol. 314, (1987), 493-506. (2/26/2009: available online at <http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987ApJ...314..493K>). | ||
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+ | C1 Carroll, Sean M. "An Introduction to General Relativity Spacetime and Geometry." San Francisco: Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2004. | ||
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+ | CO2 Carroll, Bradley and Dale A. Ostlie. "An Introduction to Modern Astrophysics." 2nd ed. San Francisco: Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2007. | ||
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+ | DGE3 Griffiths, D. "Introduction to Electrodynamics." 3rd ed. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1999. | ||
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+ | EB09 Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. (available at <http://www.britannica.com/>). | ||
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+ | GF1 Longair, Malcolm S. "Galaxy Formation." Berlin: Springer, 1998. | ||
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+ | H1 Hartle, James B. "Gravity: An Introduction to Einstein's General Relativity." San Francisco: Pearson Addison-Wesley, 2003. | ||
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+ | HKT2 Hansen, Carl J., Steven D. Kawaler, and Virginia Trimble. "Stellar Interiors: Physical Principles, Structure, and Evolution." 2nd ed. USA: Springer, 2004. | ||
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+ | JJ3 Jackson, J.D. "Classical Electrodynamics." 3rd ed. USA: John Wiley & Sons, 1999. | ||
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+ | JP8. Peacock, J. "Cosmological Physics." 8th ed. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press, 2007. | ||
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+ | MLP Miller, M. Coleman, Frederick K. Lamb and Dimitrios Psaltis. "Constraints on the Equation of State of Neutron Star Matter From Observations of Kilohertz QPOs." | ||
+ | Nucl.Phys.Proc.Suppl. 69 (1998) 123-128. (available on the arxiv: <http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9801140>). | ||
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+ | MT4 Marion, J. and S. Thornton. "Classical Dynamics of Particles and Systems." 4th ed. USA: Thomson Brooks-Cole, 1995. | ||
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+ | NB Narayan, R. and M. Bartelmann. "Lectures on Gravitational Lensing," 13th Jerusalem Winter School in Theoretical Physics. (available on the arxiv: <http://arxiv.org/abs/astro-ph/9606001>). | ||
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+ | PSB2 Perley, R. (ed), F. Schwab (ed) and A. Bridle (ed). "Synthesis Imaging in Radio Astronomy." 2nd ed. San Francisco: Astronomical Society of the Pacific, 1991. | ||
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+ | RuSt Staubert, Rudiger., "Magnetic Fields of accreting X-ray pulsars." Chin. J. Astron. Astrophys. Vol. 3 (2003), Suppl., 270–280. (2/24/2009: available online at: <http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003ChJAS...3..270S> ). | ||
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+ | SDV Seager, S., D. Deming, and J.A. Valenti, "Transiting Exoplanets with JWST." astro-ph:0808.1913v1 (available online at: <http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/0808.1913>). | ||
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+ | ST1 Shapiro, Stuart L., and Saul A. Teukolsky. "Black Holes, White Dwarfs, and Neutron Stars: The Physics of Compact Objects." Germany: WILEY-VCH, 2004. | ||
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+ | TH1 Joachim E. Trümper, Joachim E., and Günther Hasinger. "The Universe in X-Rays." Berlin: Springer, 2008. (2/25/2009: available online at: <http://www.springerlink.com/content/r21314/?p=00fff39912c04b56863efc0d5871a2bb&pi=0>). | ||
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+ | TP1 Padmanabhan, Thanu. "An Invitation to Astrophysics." New Jersey: World Scientific Publishing Co, 2006. | ||
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+ | '''180 Questions' References List''' | ||
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+ | |||
+ | '''1. Lore''' | ||
1. Size of Earth: {EB09, article "Eratosthenes of Cyrene", <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/191064/Eratosthenes-of-Cyrene>.}. Distance to Moon: {EB09, article "Cosmos", section "History of humanity’s perception of the universe » Astronomical theories of the ancient Greeks", <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/139365/Cosmos>.}. | 1. Size of Earth: {EB09, article "Eratosthenes of Cyrene", <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/191064/Eratosthenes-of-Cyrene>.}. Distance to Moon: {EB09, article "Cosmos", section "History of humanity’s perception of the universe » Astronomical theories of the ancient Greeks", <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/139365/Cosmos>.}. | ||
− | 2. {CO2, section "Retrograde Motion Revisted" (pgs 6-8).}. | + | 2. {CO2, section "Retrograde Motion Revisted" (pgs 6-8).}. |
3. Henry Draper Catalogue: {CO2, section called "The Spectral Types of Stars", pgs 202-204.}. Bayer Designation: {EB09, article "Johann Bayer", <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/56781/Johann-Bayer>}. Markarian Catalogue: {ADS09, section called "Catalogue of Markarian Galaxies (Markarian+ 1967-81)", <http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994yCat.7061....0M>}. Pulsars {CO2, Section 16.7 Pulsars, esp pgs 587-588.}. Abell Catalogue: {GF1, Section 4.1: The Large Scale Distribution of Clusters of Galaxies, pgs 71-75.}. Third Cambridge Catalogue: {ADS09, <http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs?bibcode=2002yCat.8001....0E&>}. New General Catalogue: {CO2, section called "Cataloging the Island Universes", pgs 940-941.}. Bonner Durchmusterung: {EB09, article "Bonner Durchmusterung", <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/73160/Bonner-Durchmusterung>}. Quasars: {CO2, sections called "Quasi-Stellar Objects" and "Quasar Terminology", pg 1099.}. Westerhout Catalogue: {ADS09, section called "Westerhout's Catalogue of 82 Discrete Sources (Westerhout 1958)", <http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000yCat.8064....0W>}. Messier Catalogue: {CO2, section called "Cataloging the Island Universes", pgs 940-941.}, {Full list provided in CO2, Appendix H: The Messier Catalogue, A-13}. Asteroids: {EB09, article "infrared astronomy", <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287941/infrared-astronomy#ref=ref283726>}. | 3. Henry Draper Catalogue: {CO2, section called "The Spectral Types of Stars", pgs 202-204.}. Bayer Designation: {EB09, article "Johann Bayer", <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/56781/Johann-Bayer>}. Markarian Catalogue: {ADS09, section called "Catalogue of Markarian Galaxies (Markarian+ 1967-81)", <http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1994yCat.7061....0M>}. Pulsars {CO2, Section 16.7 Pulsars, esp pgs 587-588.}. Abell Catalogue: {GF1, Section 4.1: The Large Scale Distribution of Clusters of Galaxies, pgs 71-75.}. Third Cambridge Catalogue: {ADS09, <http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs?bibcode=2002yCat.8001....0E&>}. New General Catalogue: {CO2, section called "Cataloging the Island Universes", pgs 940-941.}. Bonner Durchmusterung: {EB09, article "Bonner Durchmusterung", <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/73160/Bonner-Durchmusterung>}. Quasars: {CO2, sections called "Quasi-Stellar Objects" and "Quasar Terminology", pg 1099.}. Westerhout Catalogue: {ADS09, section called "Westerhout's Catalogue of 82 Discrete Sources (Westerhout 1958)", <http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000yCat.8064....0W>}. Messier Catalogue: {CO2, section called "Cataloging the Island Universes", pgs 940-941.}, {Full list provided in CO2, Appendix H: The Messier Catalogue, A-13}. Asteroids: {EB09, article "infrared astronomy", <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/287941/infrared-astronomy#ref=ref283726>}. | ||
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9. | 9. | ||
− | 10 | + | 10. |
− | 11. | + | 11. {BG1, Chapter 5: The Two-Element Interferometer (pgs 50-68, esp 50-54).}, {PSB2, Lecture 1: Coherence in Radio Astronomy (pgs 1-10, esp 1-7).}. |
− | 12 | + | 12. |
− | 13 | + | 13. |
− | 14 | + | 14. |
− | 15 | + | 15. |
− | 16 | + | 16. |
17. | 17. | ||
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24. | 24. | ||
− | + | ||
+ | |||
+ | '''2. Plasmas''' | ||
25. | 25. | ||
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− | + | '''3. Stellar Physics''' | |
33. {CO2, Section 8.1: The Formation of Spectral Lines (pgs 202-219), and Appendix G: Stellar Data (pg A-9; Table labeled "Main-Sequence Stars (Luminosity Class V)").}. | 33. {CO2, Section 8.1: The Formation of Spectral Lines (pgs 202-219), and Appendix G: Stellar Data (pg A-9; Table labeled "Main-Sequence Stars (Luminosity Class V)").}. | ||
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36. {CO2, section called "An Enormous Range in Stellar Radii" (pgs 220-224).}. | 36. {CO2, section called "An Enormous Range in Stellar Radii" (pgs 220-224).}. | ||
− | 37 | + | 37. |
− | 38 | + | 38. |
− | 39. | + | 39. |
− | 40 | + | 40. |
− | 41 | + | 41. |
42. | 42. | ||
− | 43 | + | 43. |
− | 44 | + | 44. |
− | 45 | + | 45. |
46. | 46. | ||
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53. | 53. | ||
− | + | ||
+ | |||
+ | '''4. Compact Objects''' | ||
54. | 54. | ||
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70. | 70. | ||
− | 71. | + | 71. |
72. | 72. | ||
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78. {MLP, pgs 1-6.}. | 78. {MLP, pgs 1-6.}. | ||
− | 79. | + | 79. |
80. | 80. | ||
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82. | 82. | ||
− | 83 | + | 83. |
− | 84 | + | 84. |
− | 85 | + | 85. |
− | + | ||
+ | |||
+ | '''5. Variable Stars''' | ||
86. {CO2, Section 14.1: Observations of Pulsating Stars (pgs 483-491), Section 14.2: The Physics of Stellar Pulsation (pgs 491-499), and section called "The Cepheid Distance Scale", pgs (1039-1041).}, {B1, Section 2.8: Pulsations (pgs 78-82).}, {HKT2, Section 2.10: Pulsational Variables (pgs 85-89).}. | 86. {CO2, Section 14.1: Observations of Pulsating Stars (pgs 483-491), Section 14.2: The Physics of Stellar Pulsation (pgs 491-499), and section called "The Cepheid Distance Scale", pgs (1039-1041).}, {B1, Section 2.8: Pulsations (pgs 78-82).}, {HKT2, Section 2.10: Pulsational Variables (pgs 85-89).}. | ||
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− | + | '''6.ISM''' | |
90. | 90. | ||
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98. | 98. | ||
− | 99 | + | 99. |
− | + | ||
+ | |||
+ | '''7. Stellar Remnants''' | ||
100. {CO2, section called "Planetary Nebula" (pgs 470-474).}, {HKT2, Section 2.6: Later Phases, Initial Masses <= 6-10 Msolar (pgs 69-70).}. | 100. {CO2, section called "Planetary Nebula" (pgs 470-474).}, {HKT2, Section 2.6: Later Phases, Initial Masses <= 6-10 Msolar (pgs 69-70).}. | ||
− | 101. {BT3, Section 4.2: The Jeans Equations (pgs 195-211).}. With Hubble flow: {JP8, Section 15.2: Dynamics of Linear Perturbations (pgs 460-469).}. Hand-waving Jeans Length/Mass: { | + | 101. {BT3, Section 4.2: The Jeans Equations (pgs 195-211).}. With Hubble flow: {JP8, Section 15.2: Dynamics of Linear Perturbations (pgs 460-469).}. Hand-waving Jeans Length/Mass: {HB1, Section 2.2: Jeans length (pgs 50-52).}, {CO2, section called "The Jeans Criterion" (pgs 412-414).}. |
102. | 102. | ||
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− | + | '''8. Radiative Processes''' | |
− | + | 105. {HB1, Chapter 5: Thermal bremsstrahlung radiation (pgs 181-204).}, {TP1, Section 2.4.1: Thermal bremmstrahlung (pgs 59-62).}, {CO2, section called "General Sources of Opacity" (pgs 244-247, esp 246).}. | |
− | + | 106. {HB1, Chapter 5: Thermal bremsstrahlung radiation (pgs 181-204), esp pgs 189-195.}. | |
− | + | 107. {HB1, Chapter 8: Synchrotron radiation (pgs 290-328).}, {TP1, Section 2.4.2: Synchrotron radiation (pgs 63-67).}, {CO2, section called "Synchrotron and Curvature Radiation" (pgs 592-593).}. | |
+ | 108. {HB1, Section 8.4: Power radiated by the electron (pgs 304-311) and Section 8.5: Ensemble of radiating particles (pgs 311-317).}, {CO2, section called "The Spectra of Active Galactic Nuclei" (pgs 1087-1090).}. | ||
− | + | ||
+ | |||
+ | '''9. Galactic Physics''' | ||
109. | 109. | ||
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127. {BT3, Section 8.2: The Gravithermal Catastrophe (pgs 500-505).}. | 127. {BT3, Section 8.2: The Gravithermal Catastrophe (pgs 500-505).}. | ||
− | 128. {GF1, Section 4.3.4: Gravitational Lensing by Clusters of Galaxies (pgs 93-99).}, { | + | 128. {GF1, Section 4.3.4: Gravitational Lensing by Clusters of Galaxies (pgs 93-99).}, {HB1, Chapter 12: Gravitational Lensing (pgs 437-482), esp section called "Microlensing" (pgs 457-460).}, {C1, Section 8.6: Gravitational Lensing (pgs 349-355).}, {NB: esp. Chapter 2: Lensing by Point Masses in the Universe (pgs 6-16). }. |
129. {CO2, section called "The Local Group" (pgs 1059-1061).}. | 129. {CO2, section called "The Local Group" (pgs 1059-1061).}. | ||
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− | + | '''10. High Energy Physics''' | |
− | 137. | + | 137. |
− | 138. | + | 138. |
− | 139. | + | 139. |
− | 140. | + | 140. |
− | 141. | + | 141. |
− | 142. | + | 142. |
143. {CO2, section called "Are the Sources of GRBs Galactic or Extragalactic?", pgs 544-547.} | 143. {CO2, section called "Are the Sources of GRBs Galactic or Extragalactic?", pgs 544-547.} | ||
− | 144 | + | 144. |
− | 145 | + | 145. |
146. | 146. | ||
− | 147. | + | 147. |
+ | |||
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− | + | '''11. Cosmology''' | |
148. | 148. |